生产与成本泀策分析

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生产与成本分析
　
(一)互为表里的生产与成本函数
生产函数 Q=f(K,L,…)
成本函数 C=C(w,r) | Q=Q°
1.何谓短期与长期生产函数
Q=f(α,βi)
Q=f(αi)
Q=g(αi)
2.短期的生产函数
(1)生产函数-- Q=f(K，L)
生产函数是指存在新生产过程中投入与产出间的技术关系。
生产力--某生产要素的生产力是指在其它生产要素维持不变时
，该要素的产出量。
(2)报酬递减法则--在短期中的固定要素不定时，变动要素增加，
致总产出增加，及随后减少的现象。
(3)TP、MP & AP --总产出、边际产出与平均产出。
3.短期与长期成本曲线
(1)固定总成本 (Total fixed cost ,TFC ) 。 即短期分析中固定
成本支出总额。在短期中为一固定数值。
(2)可变总成本 (Total variable cost ,TVC) 。 即短期分析中为
生产一定产量可变成本总额 ，此数值随产量的变化而变化。
(3)总成本 (Total cost ,TC) 。 即短其分析中生产一定产量固定
总成本与可变总成本之和 ，即
TC=TFC+TVC
(4)平均固定成本 (Average fixed cost ,AFC ) 。 即短期中平均
每一产品单位所分摊的固定成本数额 ，亦即固定总成本与生
产量之商数，即
AFC=TFC/Q
(5)平均可变成本 (Average variable cost ,AVC ) 。 即短期中平
均每一产品单位所分摊的可变成本数额 ， 亦即可变总成本与
生产量之商数，即
AVC=TVC/Q
(6)平均单位成本或平均总成本 (Average Unit Cost, or
Average Total cost ,AC ) 。 即短期中平均每一产品单位所
分摊的固定成本与可变成本之总和 ，亦即平均固定成本与平
均可变成本之和 ，即
AC=TC/Q 或 AC=AFC+AVC
(7)边际成本 (Marginal cost ,MC ) 。及短期中生产量每增加一
单位时，总成本所增加的数量 ，即
MCn=TCn- TCn-l 或 MC=d(TC)/dQ
　 TC AC=TC/Q MC=ΔTC/ΔQ=ΔTVC/ΔQ
TFC AFC=TFC/Q
TVC AVC=TVC/Q
TP AP=TP/Q MP=ΔTP/ΔQ
TP(=Q) = f(K,L)
TC(=C) = C(w,r) | Q=Q°
TC=TFC+TVC
AC=AFC+AVC
(二 )产能决策
1. 短期供给决策
(1)稳定单位成本的方法
a.存货(Inventories)
The firm would maintain its output rate at a constant rate per period and run down its
inventories when there is an unexpected increase in demand, rather than be forced to
produce at higher levels of marginal cost. Later reductions in demand will give the firm the
opportunity to rebuild its inventories to the desired levels. Thus, when demand is uncertain,
a firm may choose to produce the e>q~ected value of quantity demanded in each period,
adding to inventories when demand falls short of expectations and selling from inventories
when demand exceeds expectations.
b.委外(外包)(Contracting Out)
If producing the output would cause the firm's MC values to rise steeply, the firm may be
able to purchase the items at low cost from another firm that has excess capacity and can
produce the same product at a similar quality level. Initial setup costs may be involved, if the
subcontractor has imprint the firm's logo or follow the firm's special design.
c.排队(Backlists)
This approach may only be feasible if the firm's products are unique or customized,
or if the delay cause the customer minimal problems, or if all rival suppliers are
similarly operating with a backlist or waiting line. It may pay the firm to offer a
discount for delayed delivery rather than incur the additional cost of producing the
item on demand. This discount would encourage advance orders, which would help
the firm in its production planning.
(2).订价决策、利用规划与供给决策
when SAC>P>AVC – 继续生产
继续生产
TR(=P,Q) > TVC(=AVC.Q)
关厂 TR(=P,Q) < TVC(=AVC.Q)